ANNEX III: OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF EMERGENCY
VACCINATION 91
It is an indication of the Government’s wish to learn and apply the lessons of the recent FootandMouth Disease (FMD) outbreak that, barely three months after the reports of Dr Anderson’s Lessons Learned Inquiry and the Royal Society’s scientific review of Infectious diseases in livestock, I am able to introduce the Government response to those reports.
It is not much more than a year since the last case of FMD. The speed with which we have been able to take stock and draw lessons from this appalling outbreak is a tribute to the hard work of the two inquiry teams. I am very grateful to Dr Anderson and Sir Brian Follett and their teams for this. We have also benefited from the National Audit Office’s report, which is being considered by the Public Accounts Committee.
The Royal Society had a wide remit to review infectious diseases of livestock. Its unique contribution has given a clear and authoritative scientific basis on which to take forward the work described in this response, given from an independent standpoint.
Dr Anderson has also given us his independent view of the epidemic, and of the lessons learned. His independence is demonstrated by his sometimes trenchant comments in the report. As I made clear in my statement to the House of Commons on the report, we accept that mistakes were made. While not necessarily agreeing with every observation and comment in the two reports, we accept that there are clear lessons to be learned: for example, the need for greater flexibility in contingency planning and closer involvement of stakeholders in those plans; the need for speed in scaling up operations; better communications; and handling the vast scale of operations that were required in some areas. I also accept that we need to continue to work on cultural change in Defra.
We are determined, as this response shows, to set out programmes of work which will need to be taken forward, so that the lessons are not only learned, but also applied. Defra will do this in an open way, consulting where possible all those with an interest, to build a new framework in which outbreaks of animal diseases can be handled in partnership with the farming industry, the wider rural community and other key stakeholders such as local authorities. We accept the need for regular reviews of and reports on animal disease preparedness and will consider the mechanism for this with stakeholders.
I share Dr Anderson’s hope that not only the Government but everyone with an interest in the future of farming and the wider rural economy will look to learn the lessons of the epidemic, apply the recommendations and thereby collectively ensure that the experience of 2001 is never repeated.
Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
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This is the Government’s response, with the Welsh Assembly Government, to the reports of the Lessons Learned Inquiry into the 2001 epidemic of FMD chaired by Dr Iain Anderson and the Royal Society’s Inquiry into infectious diseases in livestock chaired by Professor Sir Brian Follett.
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Section 1, the Introduction and background, puts the response in the context of two forthcoming major strategy documents. The Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food, to be published shortly, will establish a new settlement with the farming and food industries, giving a clear direction towards a more sustainable future, and incorporating a response to each of the recommendations of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food. As called for by the Policy Commission and the two FMD inquiries, a new Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain will provide an overall strategic approach to animal health and welfare work, with the aim of reducing the economic, social and environmental impact of animal diseases, and improving the welfare of animals kept by man. The Strategy will draw on the inquiry reports, and on discussions with a wide range of interested parties. When published in Spring 2003, it will provide an update on progress on much of the work described in this response.
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The Government accepts that there were mistakes in its handling of the 2001 FMD outbreak, and is determined to learn from these. It accepts virtually all the detailed recommendations of the Lessons Learned report, and firmly endorses the lessons which Dr Anderson draws. The recommendations made by the Royal Society will also play a major role in shaping the Government’s work in this area.
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Defra is a new department, whose mission to promote the interests of rural areas will ensure that the consequences of animal disease control for the country as a whole are fully considered. It has embarked on a programme of reform to address the issues identified in the inquiry reports, and has action in hand under each of the 3 key areas identified by Dr Anderson: to ensure that systems are in place to handle any epidemic, with speed and on the basis of good science.
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The State Veterinary Service will in future work more closely with the rest of Defra and outside stakeholders to deliver its specialised and professional services.
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Section 2 describes a stronger framework for emergency preparedness. Both inquiries emphasised the need for comprehensive and coordinated contingency planning, with published plans that are regularly rehearsed with all concerned. The Lessons Learned Inquiry advocated an animal health legislative framework which was robust, unambiguous and fit for purpose, with a possible wider review of animal health legislation. Any such animal health framework would need to be compatible with EU policy on exotic animal diseases. It also suggested there was a fear of risktaking within Defra and that a reappraisal of attitudes and behaviours within the Department would be beneficial. The Royal Society recommended increased spending on animal health research, and better coordination of research. Both inquiries called for a body to provide scientific advice to the Defra Chief Scientific Adviser in emergencies. Key points in the Government’s response are:
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The Government has established the Civil Contingencies Secretariat to coordinate the UK’s contingency planning and help strengthen the UK’s resilience at every level to disruptive challenges. The Secretariat is improving its contacts with local authorities and the Government will enhance the capacity of Government Offices from 2003 with dedicated contingency planning teams in each region.
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Defra is publishing a revised Contingency Plan for FMD and will publish plans for other diseases. They will be available to all who may be involved in an outbreak. Defra will train staff and rehearse the plans to check they work and that all concerned can understand and use them. The
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Government will lay the FMD Plan before Parliament. The Welsh Assembly Government has developed its own contingency plan. Defra will work closely with others who have a role to play, in particular local authorities with their unrivalled local knowledge.
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Defra’s Risk Management Strategy sets out how the Department will deal with risk and uncertainty. Defra has worked closely with the Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit in its Risk and Uncertainty project.
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The Animal Health Bill will strengthen the Government’s ability to deal with any future outbreaks. The Government will address the scope and nature of future legislation next year after publication of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
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The Government plans to increase spending on animal health research to underpin the development and application of policies and will consider its research priorities as part of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
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An interdepartmental group will promote better coordination of research in the light of the current review of Defra’s science based agencies and the recent review of the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright.
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The Government will allocate £25 million over the next five years as additional funding for veterinary teaching and research.
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Defra has established a Science Advisory Group which will set up rapid and robust arrangements for advice to the Defra Chief Scientific Adviser in emergencies.
7. Section 3 deals with strengthening disease prevention. The inquiries called for enhancement to disease surveillance at the EU level. They also recommended action to tackle illegal meat imports and enhanced systems of control. They recommended as wide as possible an involvement of those with a role in surveillance. On animal movements, both inquiries recommended that the Government should base restrictions on wider considerations including a costbenefit analysis. They called for a comprehensive livestock tracing system. The inquiry reports stress the importance of good biosecurity, both in terms of effective biosecurity measures and the active involvement of all those dealing with livestock. Key points in the Government’s response are:
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The Government will support international efforts to improve data collection and reporting on animal diseases.
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The Government has made good progress on the illegal imports Action Plan published in March 2002 and is spending over £3 million on this in the current financial year. It launched a publicity campaign on illegal imports in July and a sixmonth detector dog pilot started in September.
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Defra will publish a Risk Assessment on the introduction of FMD in illegal imports later in the Autumn.
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The Government has secured tighter EU controls on personal imports of animal products.
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Following a Cabinet Office study, all activity against smuggling of meat, animal products, fish and plant matter will be brought together in HM Customs and Excise and backed by a new dedicated target in Customs for service delivery in this area. There will be substantially improved coordination between the main control agencies, and between these agencies and Customs, under the oversight of a new ministerial group.
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The Government recognises the strong case for a single agency to oversee all aspects of the management of legal trade. But that is not an immediate proposition, and it will seek a step change in the coordination and delivery of local authority inspection of imported foodstuffs and products of animal origin at ports within one year. Thereafter it will then look hard again at the case for bringing these functions from local authorities into a central agency, or delivering them from other routes.
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Defra will reexamine the Action Plan later this year in the light of the organisational changes and the results of the Risk Assessment.
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A Veterinary Surveillance Strategy is being developed. Defra is also working to identify the best use of practising vets in surveillance and developing a Geographical Information Strategy.
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The Government has commissioned a wideranging study to inform a decision on the role of animal movement standstills in the future.
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A new Livestock Identification Programme is being developed with the aim of improving the identification and tracing of UK livestock by introducing a single platform of animal information with electronic identification of individual cattle, sheep and, if necessary, pigs.
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Defra will develop an allencompassing biosecurity code.
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Section 4 sets out the Government’s plans for the emergency response and disease control in an animal disease outbreak. The inquiries have recommended that the Government should deal with future outbreaks of FMD by culling of infected premises and dangerous contacts, but that the option of emergency vaccination should be considered as a major tool if and when this initial “stamping out” policy proves insufficient. Both reports acknowledge that there are still some obstacles to overcome before the Government could pursue an emergency vaccinatetolive policy and recommend that the Government should address these in advance of an outbreak. Both the inquiries favour an immediate national ban on livestock movements once the first case is confirmed.
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The Lessons Learned Inquiry has recommended that the Government should not use mass pyres again as a strategy for disposal of slaughtered animals. The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that Defra should develop further its interim Contingency Plan with procedures in place to scale up communications and resources rapidly. Defra should develop its human resources plans for use in an emergency and consult the Armed Forces as soon as possible. It should have a regional communications strategy and dedicated management information systems.
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The Royal Society concluded that the Government should explore a range of possible disease control strategies and, so far as practicable, take decisions in advance of outbreaks as to the optimum strategy in particular circumstances. The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that the joint Defra Industry Working Group for Animal Disease Insurance ensure that its scope is set widely enough to address valuation and compensation issues highlighted by the 2001 outbreak.
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A key point in the Government’s response is that the policy which it has adopted in the event of an outbreak now means that:
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Defra will alert the Armed Forces immediately a case of FMD is confirmed so that the scope of their possible involvement can be assessed.
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A national movement ban will be put in place as soon as a case of FMD is confirmed.
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The Government will apply tight biosecurity requirements in a 10km zone around infected premises by declaring Restricted Infected Areas (socalled “Blue Boxes”) from the start of an outbreak.
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Public rights of way will be only be restricted within Infected Areas. The Government will issue a protocol for consultation shortly.
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The Government will dispose of culled animals by commercial incineration, rendering and licensed landfill.
12. In addition:
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The control of FMD will require the slaughter of diseased animals and other susceptible animals on the premises and of dangerous contacts this is the ‘stamping out’ in EU legislation and recommended by the inquiries.
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Beyond that the Government needs a range of strategies in its armoury for different disease situations – including preventative culling powers as provided for in the Animal Health Bill and a strategy of emergency vaccinatetolive.
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For a vaccinatetolive strategy to work, a number of logistical, technical and trade problems need to be resolved and the Government is committed to resolving them – the Contingency Plan will cover a vaccinatetolive strategy and the Government will develop an exit strategy for use after emergency vaccination.
13. Other key points are:
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Defra has established an Emergency Preparedness Programme to oversee a wide range of work on contingency planning.
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The Cabinet Office is developing a protocol for managing the increase of staff numbers in emergencies and is reviewing the training and development available to senior managers across Whitehall for dealing with emergencies.
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To replace current interim arrangements, Defra will develop a permanent emergency register listing competencies and skills for staff willing to serve in an emergency and will put in place appropriate management structures to allow rapid commitment of extra resources.
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Defra will communicate more clearly and effectively in a crisis.
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The Government will review and rationalise animal disease compensation arrangements. It will put forward policy options for sharing the costs of animal disease outbreaks with the industry.
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Annex I sets out the Government’s response to each of the detailed recommendations of the Lessons Learned Inquiry as well as the Key Findings and recommendations of the Royal Society.
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Annex II describes the funding of research into animal health diseases.
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Annex III covers operational aspects of emergency vaccination.
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The 2001 outbreak of FMD was a very painful experience for the nation and particularly for those in the countryside. Defra and the Government as a whole are determined to learn the lessons from that experience.
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This response to the reports of the FMD inquiries shows how that learning and change is well under way. It will continue over the months and years to come.
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This response contains a wide range of actions, commitments and decisions. So soon after the publication of such thorough reports, there are inevitably some areas where the Government can only report on work in progress and directions for future work.
A new approach – Strategies for Sustainable Farming and Food and Animal Health and Welfare
1.4 The response can be read on its own. But it also needs to be seen in the context of two forthcoming major strategy documents:
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The Government’s Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food in England. This builds on the report of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food, chaired by Sir Don Curry, which was itself commissioned partly in response to FMD. The Government will publish it shortly.
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A comprehensive Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain, discussed below, which the Government expects to publish in Spring 2003.
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The Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food and the two FMD inquiries have all called for a more strategic approach to animal health and welfare, in the light of the apparent increase in animal disease outbreaks, and the major impacts these diseases, and their control measures, have on the rest of society. The Government endorses this need, and is now engaged in developing, in consultation with the Devolved Administrations and a wide range of stakeholders, an Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain, intended to reduce the economic, social and environmental impact of animal diseases, and improve the welfare of animals kept by man.
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This Strategy will draw heavily on the analysis and recommendations of the two FMD inquiries, and link closely with the Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food. It will bring together the strands of current and planned activity on animal disease, health and welfare, seeking more sustainable outcomes, greater partnership with stakeholders and customers, a firmer scientific and evidence base, and a better partnership and balance between public and private provision. When published next Spring the Strategy will provide an opportunity to report further progress on a number of strands of work discussed in this response.
Lessons Learned
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The Secretary of State, the Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP, has already made it clear, in her statement to the House of Commons on publication of the Lessons Learned report on 22 July, that the Government accepts that there were mistakes in its handling of the crisis, and is determined to learn from these mistakes. This response confirms her expectation then that the Government would be able to accept virtually all the detailed recommendations of the Lessons Learned report.
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The Lessons Learned Inquiry summarises the major lessons from FMD 2001 as follows:
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Maintain vigilance through international, national and local surveillance and reconnaissance.
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Be prepared with comprehensive contingency plans, building mutual trust and confidence through training and practice.
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React with speed and certainty to an emergency or escalating crisis by applying wellrehearsed crisis management procedures.
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Explain policies, plans and practices by communicating with all interested parties comprehensively, clearly and consistently in a transparent way.
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Respect local knowledge and delegate decisions wherever possible, without losing sight of the national strategy.
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Apply risk assessment and cost benefit analysis within an appropriate economic model.
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Use data and information management systems that conform to recognised good practice in support of intelligence gathering and decision making.
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Have a legislative framework that gives Government the powers needed to respond effectively to the emerging needs of a crisis.
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Base policy decisions on best available science and ensure that the processes for providing scientific advice are widely understood and trusted.
1.9 The report says that these lessons should be incorporated into a national strategy designed to:
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Keep out infectious agents of exotic disease.
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Reduce livestock vulnerability by reforms in industry practice.
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Minimise the impact of any outbreak.
1.10 The Government firmly endorses these conclusions. Detailed responses to the report’s recommendations are in Annex I.
Scientific aspects – the Royal Society
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The Royal Society’s report on Infectious diseases in livestock, published on 16 July, provides a core text on the science and control of FMD and other exotic diseases, which will prove invaluable to the scientific, Government and farming communities both here, throughout Europe and internationally. The report covers the scientific issues relating to the transmission, prevention and control of epidemic disease in livestock, covering FMD and a range of other diseases. Although scienceled, the report also offers practical guidance. This is a benefit of the wide basis of the membership of the Inquiry Committee, which included those involved in farming, veterinary practice and consumer affairs as well as science.
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Defra is committed to ensuring that it develops evidencebased policies which use the best available scientific information. This requires a nationally agreed research programme which underpins the needs identified in the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy. All funders will be able to refer to the Royal Society’s report to guide not only their own research strategies, but also how these programmes can best be coordinated and delivered, including involvement at EU level. More widely, the Royal Society’s Key Findings and recommendations will inform the Government’s approach to work on animal health.
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Detailed responses to the Royal Society’s Key Findings and recommendations are in Annex I.
Animal Health and Welfare Strategy
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The Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food, the FMD inquiries and external stakeholders have all called for a more integrated, coherent and strategic approach to the Government’s work on animal health and disease control.
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Defra’s strategy on sustainable development, “Foundations for our Future”, endorsed this need, and committed the Government to a strategy which set out “actions to improve the health of farmed animals through the reduction and eradication of disease, better risk management strategies, greater
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There is much on which to build. The FMD outbreak, and the various inquiries, reviews and conferences to which it gave rise, have deepened the Government’s understanding of the threats and costs of exotic diseases, the difficulties of dealing with them, the importance of effective contingency planning and the need to communicate and work with all interested parties. Previously, the tragic experience of BSE, with the subsequent creation of the Food Standards Agency and Lord Phillips’ BSE Inquiry report, radically changed perceptions of the human health risks associated with the food chain. Elsewhere there have been extensive, scientifically underpinned, assessments in recent years of other important elements in the animal health picture – disease surveillance, bovine TB, and the threat from rabies, amongst others.
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The Government now needs an overall strategic approach, drawing on the inquiry reports and on discussions with a wide range of stakeholders. These have begun. The Government will include a brief progress report on the development of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy in the Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food published later this year. Regard will also need to be had to the developing EU regulatory framework within which the UK must work.
Other inquiries
1.18 There have been a number of other inquiry processes as a result of the 2001 outbreak. These include:
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The National Audit Office’s report on “The 2001 Outbreak of FootandMouth Disease” published on 21 June 2001, and followed by an examination by the Public Accounts Committee of Defra’s Accounting Officer. The Public Accounts Committee’s report is awaited and the Government will respond to it in the normal way. The Government welcomes the recommendations made in the National Audit Office’s report, which the Lessons Learned and Royal Society reports largely echo. Cross references in Annex I of this response make it clear where action to implement Lessons Learned or Royal Society recommendations also addresses a recommendation made by the National Audit Office.
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Examination of witnesses by the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons in their report “The Impact of FootandMouth Disease”.
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Local inquiries like those by Devon, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Northumberland and Cumbria County Councils have provided a valuable local perspective. The Government has noted carefully the findings of these inquiries, many of which are reflected in the recommendations of the Lessons Learned and Royal Society reports.
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The Scottish Executive will be responding to the Royal Society of Edinburgh’s report on the outbreak in Scotland. In Wales the National Assembly’s Agriculture and Rural Development Committee conducted a scrutiny of Ministers and officials and in Northern Ireland PriceWaterhouseCoopers were commissioned to carry out a study of the outbreak there.
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A Temporary Committee established by the European Parliament to look at the FMD outbreak throughout the European Union as a whole, whose report the Parliament is expected to vote on before the end of the year.
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Three EU Food and Veterinary Missions to observe the UK response to FMD; and an EU Financial Audit to examine the UK claim on the EU Veterinary Fund, the report of which is due next year. The European Court of Auditors are also carrying out an audit of FMD.
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An important theme of the Lessons Learned report is the need to ensure that all the consequences of control of exotic animal diseases for the country as a whole are fully considered. A fundamental difference in the way the Government approached the delivery of rural economic and social policy was signalled by the creation of Defra, one of whose central pillars is the whole rural affairs agenda. This elevation of rural policy, with the first Government Minister for Rural Affairs, reflects the fact – confirmed by the FMD experience – that the rural economy is not a synonym for agriculture, but is now a complex mixed economy in which food production, tourism and recreation, and public and private services, are all important strands.
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The impact of FMD and the measures taken to control it on the wider rural economy – tourism in particular – brought these interrelationships into sharp relief. Defra’s objective for rural policy is to enhance opportunity and tackle social exclusion in rural areas, with specific targets to reduce the gap in productivity between the least well performing rural areas and the English median, and improve the accessibility of services for rural people. A sustainable, diverse, modern and adaptable farming industry – another Defra objective – will remain one important element in maintaining sustainable, prosperous and inclusive rural communities.
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The Government is working to embed the needs of rural areas firmly within the mainstream of Government policy by:
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delivery on the Rural White Paper (2000) commitments;
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scrutinising all domestic policies for their consequences for rural people (“rural proofing”);
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setting up a Cabinet SubCommittee for Rural Renewal; and
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appointing Rural Directors in each regional Government Office.
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Defra has also established the Rural Affairs Forum for England to enable the views of those who live and work in, or visit, rural England to inform policymaking. There are 8 regional Rural Affairs Forums in the English regions.
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In Wales, the National Assembly has broad powers and responsibilities to assist rural areas. Since the outbreak in 2001 it has been working with Wales Rural Partnership and supporting the rural community. The Welsh Assembly Government has also strengthened its focus on delivering integrated actions to help rural areas by establishing a Cabinet Committee on the regeneration of rural Wales.
A new department: new ways of working
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As a new department, Defra is committed to – and demonstrating – new ways of working. The experience of early 2001 showed all too strongly the deep connections between the livestock industry and animal health, and wider rural society and the environment. Defra’s commitment to sustainable development means recognising those interdependencies in the preparation of the new Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, both in the way the Department prepares it, the people and interests it consults, and the policy approach that results.
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Dr Anderson showed where Defra needed to change and develop to strengthen its delivery capability and modernise the way it goes about its business. He highlighted a culture in Defra which was predisposed to decisiontaking by committee with an associated fear of risktaking and suggested that a reappraisal of prevailing attitudes and behaviours within Defra would be beneficial.
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Defra’s ambitious reform programme will address the issues identified in the FMD reports. It will build on the strengths of Defra’s predecessor departments and create an organisation which can deal robustly and effectively with its daytoday business and with emergencies.
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Dr Anderson identified the key areas to consider under three headings: systems, speed and science. Defra has action already in hand under each. But work remains to be done. The following sections summarise the key elements of Defra’s programme of work under these headings.
1.28 Systems
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Defra is publishing a new and updated Contingency Plan to cover animal disease emergencies; it will develop and test this regularly, involving a wide range of internal and external stakeholders. Defra is consulting on and developing a “decision tree”, setting out the criteria by which the Government would make choices between different control strategies during an outbreak;
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a more consistent and systematic approach to risk management is being promoted within Defra, outlined in its Risk Management Strategy published in April 2002.
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Defra has begun the next phase of the change programme which will strengthen its connection to its customers and its focus on service and front line delivery, following a strategic review of the Department carried out jointly with the Office of Public Services Reform;
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integrated corporate IT systems are being developed to provide a strong platform for identifying and tracing animals. This will provide a sound basis for a strengthened and tested disease control information system which provides accurate information, quickly, in a disease outbreak;
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Defra is strengthening its approach to project and programme management, using outside experts to help plan key new policy projects (e.g. on animal movements) and promote skills transfer;
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Defra is closely engaged with the development by the Civil Contingencies Secretariat of the Government’s wider emergency response capability, and is working with its representatives in Government Offices to ensure an outward facing and interdepartmental approach to emergency response;
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Defra is reviewing its senior management skills to ensure all its senior managers are well equipped to work within its new style and remit;
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to improve Defra’s communication with stakeholders and the general public, an extensive programme of media training – teaching Defra officials and vets across the organisation how to do regional television and radio interviews to a professional standard – is being carried out.
1.29 Speed
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Defra has put new arrangements in place to ensure the immediate transmission of information on suspect cases to key stakeholders;
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there are clear plans for roles and responsibilities in a disease outbreak, at operational, tactical and strategic levels, so that officials can make decisions at the right levels quickly;
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the Emergency Preparedness Programme will consider how Defra can better exploit IT and telecommunications systems to speed up communications in the field and cut out communication blockages;
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there will be evaluation, both internal and external, of the simulation exercises from the end of the year with special reference to speed of response.
1.30 Science
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a new Science Advisory Group will keep risk issues under close review when advising the Defra Chief Scientific Advisor (CSA). It will also set up rapid and robust arrangements for advice to the Defra CSA in an emergency;
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the new structures for managing disease outbreaks will ensure that scientific advice informs all policy decisions;
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Defra is planning to ensure a stronger coordination between the various science bodies to ensure the maximum benefit from research funds, and that the necessary funds are targeted on the key problems;
1.31 Defra therefore has in hand a major programme of work which will reform and speed up the way i